Surgical Neurology
Volume 71, Issue 5 , Pages 527-531 , May 2009

Erythropoietin as a neuroprotective agent in traumatic brain injury: Review

Received 11 December 2007 ,Accepted 19 February 2008.

References 

  1. Abrahamson EE, Ikonomovic MD, Ciallella JR, Hope CE, Paljug WR, Isanski BA, et al. Caspase inhibition therapy abolishes brain trauma-induced increases in Abeta peptide: implications for clinical outcome. Exp Neurol. 2006;197(2):437–450
  2. Baciu I, Oprisiu C, Derevenco P, Vasile V, Muresan A, Hriscu M, et al. The brain and other sites of erythropoietin production. Rom J Physiol. 2000;37:3–14
  3. Bramlett HM, Dietrich WD. Pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia and brain trauma: similarities and differences. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2004;24:133–150
  4. Chai J, Du K, Wu JW, Kyin S, Wang X, Shi Y. Structural and biochemical basis of apoptotic activation by Smac/DIABLO. Nature. 2000;406:855–862
  5. Chen G, Shi JX, Hang CH, Xie W, Liu J, Liu W. Inhibitory effect on cerebral inflammatory agents that accompany traumatic brain injury in a rat model: a potential neuroprotective mechanism of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO). Neurosci Lett. 2007;425(3):177–182
  6. Clark RS, Kochanek PM, Chen M, Watkins SC, Marion DW, Chen J, et al. Increases in Bcl-2 and cleavage of caspase-1 and caspase-3 in human brain after head injury. FASEB J. 1999;13:813–821
  7. Digicaylioglu M, Lipton SA. Erythropoietin-mediated neuroprotection involves cross-talk between Jak2 and NF-kappaB signalling cascades. Nature. 2001;412:641–647
  8. Dressler J, Hanisch U, Kuhlisch E, Geiger KD. Neuronal and glial apoptosis in human traumatic brain injury. Int J Legal Med. 2007;121(5):365–375
  9. Du L, Zhang X, Han YY. Intra-mitochondrial poly(ADP-ribosylation) contributes to NAD+ depletion and cell death induced by oxidative stress. J Biol Chem. 2003;278:18426–18433
  10. Erbayraktar S, Grasso G, Sfacteria A, Xie QW, Coleman T, Kreilgaard M, et al. Asialoerythropoietin is a nonerythropoietic cytokine with broad neuroprotective activity in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100(11):6741–6746
  11. Fisher JW. Erythropoietin: physiology and pharmacology update. Exp Biol Med. 2003;228:1–14
  12. Ghezzi P, Brines M. Erythropoietin as an antiapoptotic, tissue-protective cytokine. Cell Death Differ. 2004;11:37–44
  13. Graham DI. In:  Narayan RK,  Wilberger JE,  Povlishok JT editor. Neuropathology of head injury in neurotrauma. New York: McGraw Hill; 1996;p. 43–59
  14. Grasso G, Sfacteria A, Meli F, Fodale V, Buemi M, Iacopino DG. Neuroprotection by erythropoietin administration after experimental traumatic brain injury. Brain Res. 2007;1182:99–105
  15. Hasselblatt M, Ehrenreich H, Siren A. The brain erythropoietin system and its potential for therapeutic exploitation in brain disease. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2006;18(2):132–138
  16. Junk AK, Mammis A, Savitz SI, Singh M, Roth S, Malhotra S, et al. Erythropoietin administration protects retinal neurons from acute ischemia-reperfusion injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002;99(16):10659–10664
  17. Knoblach SM, Nikolaeva M, Huang X, Fan L, Krajewski S, Reed JC, et al. Multiple caspases are activated after traumatic brain injury: evidence for involvement in functional outcome. J Neurotrauma. 2002;19(10):1155–1170
  18. Larner SF, Hayes RL, McKinsey DM, Pike BR, Wang KK. Increased expression and processing of caspase-12 after traumatic brain injury in rats. J Neurochem. 2004;88(1):78–90
  19. Larner SF, McKinsey DM, Hayes RL, Wang KK. Caspase 7: increased expression and activation after traumatic brain injury in rats. J Neurochem. 2005;94(1):97–108
  20. Li LY, Luo X, Wang X. Endonuclease G is an apoptotic DNase when released from mitochondria. Nature. 2001;412:95–99
  21. Liao ZB, Zhi XG, Shi QH, He ZH. Recombinant human erythropoietin administration protects cortical neurons from traumatic brain injury in rats. Eur J Neurol. 2008;15(2):140–149
  22. Luo C, Lu Y, Jiang J, Zhu C. Spatial and temporal profile of apoptosis following lateral fluid percussion brain injury. Chin J Traumatol. 2002;5(5):299–302
  23. Lu D, Mahmood A, Qu C, Goussev A, Schallert T, Chopp M. Erythropoietin enhances neurogenesis and restores spatial memory in rats after traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2005;22(9):1011–1017
  24. Mahmood A, Lu Q, Qu C, Goussev A, Zhang ZG, Lu C, et al. Treatment of traumatic brain injury in rats with erythropoietin and carbamylated erythropoietin. J Neurosurg. 2007;107(2):392–397
  25. Marti HH. Erythropoietin and the hypoxic brain. J Exp Biology. 2004;207:3233–3242
  26. McIntosh TK, Saatman KE, Raghupathi , Graham DI, Smith DH, Lee VMY, et al. The Dorothy Russell Memorial Lecture. The molecular and cellular sequelae of experimental traumatic brain injury: pathogenetic mechanisms. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 1998;24(4):251–267
  27. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control . In: Injury Fact Book (2001-2002). Atlanta (Ga): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2001;p. 1–125
  28. Noguchi CT, Asavaritikrai P, Teng R, Jia Y. Role of erythropoietin in the brain. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2007;64(2):159–171
  29. O'Dell DM, Raghupathi R, Crino PB, Eberwine JH, McIntosh TK. Traumatic brain injury alters the molecular fingerprint of TUNEL-positive cortical neurons in vivo: a single-cell analysis. J Neurosci. 2000;20(13):4821–4828
  30. Ozisik P, Oruckaptan H, Ozdemir GP, Misirlioglu M, Sargon MF, Kiline K, et al. Effect of erythropoietin on brain tissue after experimental head trauma in rats. Surg Neurol. 2007;68(5):547–555
  31. Ozturk E, Demirbilek S, But AK, Saricicek V, Gulec M, Akyol O, et al. Antioxidant properties of propofol and erythropoietin after closed head injury in rats. Prog Neuro-Psycopharmacol. 2005;29:922–927
  32. Raghupathi R, Graham DI, McIntosh TK. Apoptosis after traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2000;17(10):927–938
  33. Savitz SI, Rosenbaum DM. Apoptosis in neurological disease. Neurosurgery. 1998;42(3):555–572
  34. Silva M, Grillot D, Benito A, Richard C, Nunez G, Fernandez-Luna JL. Erythropoietin can promote erythroid progenitor survival by repressing apoptosis through Bcl-XL and Bcl-2. Blood. 2006;88:1576–1582
  35. Siren A, Fratelli M, Brines M, Goemans C, Casagrande S, Lewczuk P, et al. Erythropoietin prevents neuronal apoptosis after cerebral ischemia and metabolic stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001;98(7):4044–4049
  36. Sullivan PG, Keller JN, Bussen WL, Scheff SW. Cytochrome c release and caspase activation after traumatic brain injury. Brain Res. 2002;949(1-2):88–96
  37. Susin SA, Lorenzo HK, Zamzami N, et al. Molecular characterization of mitochondrial apoptosis-inducing factor. Nature. 1999;397:441–446
  38. Suzuki Y, Imai Y, Nakayama H, Takahashi K, Takio K, Takahashi R. A serine protease, HtrA2, is released from the mitochondria and interacts with XIAP, inducing cell death. Mol Cell. 2001;8:613–621
  39. Verdonck O, Lahrech H, Francony G, Carle O, Farion R, Van de Looij Y, et al. Erythropoietin protects from post-traumatic edema in the rat brain. J Cerebral Blood Flow. 2007;7:1369–1376
  40. Villa P, Van Beek J, Larsen AK, Gerwien J, Christensen S, Cerami A, et al. Reduced functional deficits, neuroinflammation, and secondary tissue damage after treatment of stroke by nonerythropoietic erythropoietin derivatives. J Cerebral Blood Flow. 2007;27:552–563
  41. Wen TC, Sadamoto Y, Tanaka J, Zhu PX, Nakata K, Ma YJ, et al. Erythropoietin protects neurons against chemical hypoxia and cerebral ischemic injury by up-regulating Bcl-xL expression. J Neurosci Res. 2002;67:795–803
  42. Yatsiv I, Grigoriadis N, Simeonidou C, Stahel PF, Schmidt OI, Alexandrovich AG, et al. Erythropoietin is neuroprotective, improves functional recovery, and reduces neuronal apoptosis and inflammation in a rodent model of experimental closed head injury. FASEB J. 2005;19(12):1701–1703
  43. Zhang X, Chen Y, Jenkins LW, Kochanek PM, Clark RSB. Bench-to-bedside review: apoptosis/programmed cell death triggered by traumatic brain injury. Crit Care. 2005;9(1):66–75
  44. Zhang X, Graham SH, Kochanek PM, Marion DW, Nathaniel PD, Watkins SC, et al. Caspase-8 expression and proteolysis in human brain after severe head injury. FASEB J. 2003;17(10):1367–1369

PII: S0090-3019(08)00183-3

doi: 10.1016/j.surneu.2008.02.040

Surgical Neurology
Volume 71, Issue 5 , Pages 527-531 , May 2009